Development and identification of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybean via direct selection with glyphosate

Glyphosate-tolerant soybean is the most widely planted genetically modified crop worldwide. However, soybean remains recalcitrant to routine transformation because of the low infection efficiency of Agrobacterium to soybean and lack of useful selectable markers. In this study, several Agrobacterium strains and cell densities were compared by transient expression of the GUS gene. The results showed that Agrobacterium strain Ag10 at cell densities of OD_(600) of 0.6–0.9 yielded the highest infection efficiency in Agrobacterium-mediated soybean cotyledonary node transformation system. Meanwhile, a simple and rapid method was developed for identification of glyphosate tolerance in putative T_0 transgenic plants, consisting of spotting plantlets with 1 μL Roundup~?. The whole cycle of genetic transformation could be shortened to about 3 mon by highly efficient selection with glyphosate during the transformation process and application of the spot assay in putative T_0 transgenic plantlets. The transformation frequency ranged from 2.9 to 5.6%. This study provides an improved protocol for development and identification of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybeans.     

园林植物春季最佳观赏期调查研究

目前,由于缺乏准确的园林植物最佳观赏期的资料,导致优秀的规划设计方案难以落到实处,园林景点建成之后景观效果大打折扣。针对以上问题,作者采用实地调查观测的方法对园林植物春季最佳观赏期和最佳观赏顺序进行了研究。记录整理典型地点园林植物的最佳观赏期和最佳观赏顺序,为园林规划设计、植物配置和养护管理提供科学的参考依据。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Selected Plants on the Growth of the Mycelial Form of Histoplasma capsulatum Variety farciminosum in Ethiopia

Epizootic lymphangitis is prevalent in equines in Ethiopia, causing remarkable economic and welfare impacts but often neglected. Lack of effective treatment contributed to its continued occurrence, and hence, search for an effective treatment should be considered a priority area to minimize its impacts. Previous ethnobotanical studies have reported that Curcuma longa, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Datura stramonium were used to treat cutaneous fungal infections and reduce their incidence. The treatment effects of these plants against epizootic lymphangitis should be studied. The in vitro growth inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of the root of C. longa, berry of P. dodecandra, and leaf of D. stramonium were evaluated. Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum was isolated from clinical cases of epizootic lymphangitis in carthorses in central Ethiopia. The nested polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the identity of the isolates. Serial twofold dilutions of the extract of berries of P. dodecandra and leaves of D. stramonium were done in sterile water, whereas dilution of the extract of roots of C. longa was done in dimethylsulphoxide. The effects of the plants on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum were assessed by agar dilution assay. Culture media with no antifungal agent and media containing ketoconazole served as negative and positive control, respectively. The methanol extract of C. longa showed inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 5 mg/mL. Similarly, the methanol extract of P. dodecandra showed growth inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.156 to 5 mg/mL. That is, the growth inhibitory concentration of C. longa was 0.07 mg/mL, whereas that of P. dodecandra was 0.156 mg/mL. In contrast, D. stramonium showed no inhibitory effect. This preliminary observation showed that methanol extracts of C. longa and P. dodecandra showed inhibitory effects on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum requiring further repeated in vitro evaluation so as to generate adequate evidence, which would justify in vivo trials.     

林下姜科植物的选育与栽培技术研究综述

树木褐根病是由有害木层孔菌 (Phellinus noxius) 引起的一类土壤传染性根部病害，为了实施对 这类病害的生物防治，结合唯一氮源 1- 氨基环丙烷 -1- 羧酸（ACC）为底物和平板对峙法，从澳门松山市 政公园健康树木的根际分离得到 1 株对有害木层孔菌具有较强拮抗活性的菌株 1583。采用一对细菌通用 引物 PCR 扩增获得菌株 1583 的 16S rDNA 基因序列，其片段大小为 1 496 bp，系统进化树显示菌株 1583 与 Burkholderia seminalis 的亲缘关系最近，综合结果鉴定该菌株为伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia sp.）。拮抗 性研究表明，菌株 1583 对油菜菌核病病原菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）、黑松叶斑病病原菌（Pestalotiopsis sp.）、香蕉枯萎病病原菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense）、白蝴蝶炭疽病病原菌（Colletotrichum sp.） 和美人蕉瘟病病原菌（Pyricularia cannaecola hashioka）等植物病原真菌均有明显的抑制作用。     

药用植物作为隔离剂对家蚕饲养的影响

为寻找一种环保且防病的隔离剂,采用云南省山区常见的药用植物,桉树叶、艾叶、松针作为隔离剂,与家蚕常用隔离剂焦糠作对照,考察家蚕食桑情况、蚕座吸湿能力、抗病毒能力、茧质成绩等因素对五龄期家蚕生长的影响。结果发现,供试粗型药用植物不影响家蚕食桑;随着家蚕生长到五龄后期,不同处理组的吸湿能力差异明显(P0.05),而同一处理组的吸湿变化不明显但与对照组差异显著(P0.05);家蚕核型多角体病毒感染7 d后艾叶组的存活率最高;全茧量、茧层率方面各药用植物与焦糠组无显著差异(P0.05)。上述结果表明供试药用植物对家蚕无毒副作用,艾叶可代替焦糠作为隔离剂的新措施,对防治家蚕病害、减少环境污染具有重要意义。     

混栽水生植物对稻田土壤和稻米镉含量的影响

[目的]研究稻田混栽水生植物对土壤和糙米镉含量的影响。[方法]以早稻和黑藻、水葱、菖蒲等3种水生植物为试验材料,研究了稻田混栽水生植物后对土壤和糙米镉含量的影响。[结果]混栽3种水生植物后,其土壤的全镉和有效镉含量与对照比较,均没有显著差异,但稻田混栽黑藻的土壤全镉含量显著高于混栽水葱和菖蒲;混栽黑藻和水葱后,糙米镉含量显著高于对照,混栽菖蒲的糙米镉含量与对照没有显著差异。[结论]该研究为探索稻田植物降镉技术的有效途径提供了参考。     

Phosphorus availability and farm structural factors: examining scarcity and oversupply in north‐east Germany

Assessing factors influencing phosphorus (P) availability in soils is important in preventing its overexploitation and excessive application in agricultural systems. Despite high historical P applications in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), county data on soil test P (STP) reveal considerable disparities in soil available P. In addition, negative soil balances as a result of small mineral P and manure inputs have been observed, raising questions about the factors leading to this situation. Our work focused on identifying possible causes operating at the farm management level by conducting a letter survey in two administrative districts of Brandenburg, the counties Barnim and Uckermark, linking farm management factors (ownership type, farm size, land tenure, animal husbandry with or without grassland and its intensity, presence of a biogas plant and organic production) to farmers’ self‐indicated levels of STP. Small‐ to medium‐sized individual farms tended to have (very) high STP, while large partnership farms and companies/cooperatives were sensitive to factors resulting in low STP. Farms with low shares of land ownership, the presence of grassland, extensive cattle farming and stockless organic farming had lower STP. On the other hand, biogas plants, partly in combination with intensive livestock (cattle) farming, were associated with larger STP. It was concluded that more care should be devoted to the design of agricultural policies and that further (inter‐ and transdisciplinary) research on this topic is needed.